Kungani ama-motor ahambisanayo amagnetic ahlala njalo eba ama-motor amakhulu okushayela?

Kungani ama-motor ahambisanayo amagnetic ahlala njalo eba ama-motor amakhulu okushayela?

Injini kagesi ingaguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla omshini, futhi idlulisele amandla omshini kumasondo ngohlelo lokudlulisa ukuze ishayele imoto. Ingenye yezinhlelo zokushayela eziyinhloko zezimoto ezintsha zamandla. Njengamanje, ama-drive motor asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni ezintsha zamandla ikakhulukazi ama-magnetic synchronous motor angunaphakade kanye nama-AC asynchronous motors. Iningi lezimoto ezintsha zamandla zisebenzisa ama-magnetic synchronous motors angunaphakade. Izinkampani zezimoto ezimele zifaka phakathi i-BYD, i-Li Auto, njll. Ezinye izimoto zisebenzisa ama-AC asynchronous motors. Ama-electric motors amele izinkampani zezimoto ezifana ne-Tesla ne-Mercedes-Benz.

Injini engahambisani ne-asynchronous yakhiwe kakhulu yi-stator engashintshi kanye ne-rotor ejikelezayo. Lapho ukugoqa kwe-stator kuxhunywe kugesi we-AC, i-rotor izojikeleza futhi ikhiphe amandla. Isimiso esiyinhloko ukuthi lapho ukugoqa kwe-stator kunikezwa amandla (umshini oshintshanayo), kuzokwakha insimu kagesi ejikelezayo, kanti ukugoqa kwe-rotor kungumqhubi ovaliwe osika njalo imigqa yokungenisa kagesi ye-stator ensimini kamazibuthe ejikelezayo ye-stator. Ngokomthetho kaFaraday, lapho umqhubi ovaliwe esika umugqa wokungenisa kagesi, kuzokhiqizwa ugesi, kanti ugesi uzokhiqiza insimu kamazibuthe. Ngalesi sikhathi, kunezinkambu ezimbili zama-electromagnetic: enye yinsimu kamazibuthe kagesi ye-stator exhunywe kumshini oshintshanayo wangaphandle, kanti enye ikhiqizwa ngokusika umugqa wokungenisa kagesi we-stator. Insimu kamazibuthe kagesi ye-Rotor. Ngokomthetho kaLenz, ugesi oshukunyiswayo uzohlala umelana nembangela yamandla kagesi ashukunyiswayo, okungukuthi, uzama ukuvimbela abaqhubi be-rotor ekusikeni imigqa yokungenisa kagesi yensimu kamazibuthe ejikelezayo ye-stator. Umphumela uba: ama-conductor aku-rotor "azohlangana" ne-stator. Insimu kagesi ejikelezayo isho ukuthi i-rotor ijaha insimu kazibuthe ejikelezayo ye-stator, futhi ekugcineni imoto iqala ukujikeleza. Phakathi nenqubo, ijubane lokujikeleza le-rotor (n2) kanye nejubane lokujikeleza le-stator (n1) akuvumelani (umehluko wejubane cishe u-2-6%). Ngakho-ke, ibizwa ngokuthi i-AC motor engavumelani. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ijubane lokujikeleza lifana, ibizwa ngokuthi i-synchronous motor.

Injini ehambisanayo yemagnethi ehlala njalo nayo iwuhlobo lwenjini ye-AC. I-rotor yayo yenziwe ngensimbi enamamagnethi ahlala njalo. Uma injini isebenza, i-stator inikwa amandla okukhiqiza insimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo ukuze isunduze i-rotor ukuthi ijikeleze. "Ukuvumelanisa" kusho ukuthi ukujikeleza kwe-rotor ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuzinzile. Ijubane lihambisana nesivinini sokujikeleza sensimu yamagnetic. Ama-motor ahambisanayo emagnethi ahlala njalo anesilinganiso samandla-kuya-esisindoni esiphezulu, mancane ngobukhulu, alula ngesisindo, ane-torque enkulu yokukhipha, futhi anesivinini esihle kakhulu sokukhawulela kanye nokusebenza kokubhuleka. Ngakho-ke, ama-motor ahambisanayo emagnethi ahlala njalo abe yimoto kagesi esetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinto zemagnethi ezihlala njalo zibhekene nokudlidliza, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nogesi ogcwele ngokweqile, ukuvuleka kwayo kwemagnethi kungancipha, noma kungase kube nokususwa kwemagnethi, okungase kunciphise ukusebenza kwenjini yamagnetic ehlala njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-motor ahambisanayo emagnethi ahlala njalo asebenzisa izinto zokwakha ezingavamile, futhi izindleko zokukhiqiza azizinzile.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-motor ahambisanayo amagnethi angunaphakade, ama-motor angenawo ugesi adinga ukumunca amandla kagesi ukuze avuse lapho esebenza, okuzodla amandla kagesi futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kwemoto. Ama-motor ahambisanayo amagnethi angunaphakade abiza kakhulu ngenxa yokwengezwa kwama-magnethi angunaphakade.

Amamodeli akhetha ama-motor angenazo i-AC avame ukunikeza kuqala ukusebenza futhi asebenzise izinzuzo zomphumela wokusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwama-motor angenazo i-AC ngesivinini esiphezulu. Imodeli emele yiModel S yokuqala. Izici eziyinhloko: Uma imoto ishayela ngesivinini esiphezulu, ingagcina ukusebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla kagesi, inciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngenkathi igcina amandla aphezulu akhishwayo;

Amamodeli akhetha amamotho ahambisanayo angomazibuthe ahlala njalo avame ukubeka phambili ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi asebenzise umphumela wokusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamamotho ahambisanayo angomazibuthe ahlala njalo ngesivinini esiphansi, okwenza afaneleke ezimotweni ezincane neziphakathi. Izici zayo usayizi omncane, isisindo esilula, kanye nokuphila kwebhethri okweluliwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inokusebenza okuhle kokulawula isivinini futhi ingagcina ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu uma ibhekene nokuqala okuphindaphindiwe, ukuma, ukusheshisa kanye nokwehla kwejubane.

Ama-motor ahambisanayo ahlala njalo anamandla amakhulu. Ngokwezibalo ezivela ku-"New Energy Vehicle Industry Chain Monthly Database" ezikhishwe yi-Advanced Industry Research Institute (GGII), amandla afakiwe asekhaya ama-motor amasha asebenzisa amandla kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya ku-Agasti 2022 ayengaba amayunithi ayizigidi ezingu-3.478, ukwanda konyaka nonyaka okungu-101%. Phakathi kwawo, amandla afakiwe ama-motor ahambisanayo ahlala njalo angama-motor ayengama-3.329 million, ukwanda konyaka nonyaka okungu-106%; amandla afakiwe ama-motor ahambisanayo e-AC ayengama-1.295 million, ukwanda konyaka nonyaka okungu-22%.

Amamotha asebenza ngogesi ahambisanayo ahlala njalo abe yiwo amamotha ayinhloko okushayela emakethe yezimoto zabagibeli zikagesi ezihlanzekile.

Uma sibheka ukukhethwa kwezinjini zamamodeli ajwayelekile ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, izimoto ezintsha zamandla eziqalwe yi-SAIC Motor yasekhaya, i-Geely Automobile, i-Guangzhou Automobile, i-BAIC Motor, i-Denza Motors, njll. zonke zisebenzisa izinjini ezihambisanayo zemagnet ezihlala njalo. Izinjini ezihambisanayo zemagnet ezihlala njalo zisetshenziswa kakhulu eShayina. Okokuqala, ngoba izinjini ezihambisanayo zemagnet ezihlala njalo zisebenza kahle ngesivinini esiphansi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okuphezulu, okulungele kakhulu izimo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinokuqala nokuma njalo ezimotweni zasemadolobheni. Okwesibili, ngenxa yamagnethi ahlala njalo e-neodymium iron boron kuma-magnethi ahlala njalo ahambisanayo. Izinto zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zomhlaba ezingavamile, futhi izwe lami linama-70% ezinsiza zomhlaba ezingavamile emhlabeni, futhi umkhiqizo ophelele wezinto zikagesi ze-NdFeB ufinyelela kuma-80% omhlaba, ngakho-ke iShayina izimisele kakhulu ukusebenzisa izinjini ezihambisanayo zemagnethi ezihlala njalo.

I-Tesla yangaphandle kanye ne-BMW zisebenzisa ama-motor ahambisanayo amagnethi angunaphakade kanye nama-motor angenawo ukuvumelanisa i-AC ukuze zithuthukiswe ngokubambisana. Ngokombono wesakhiwo sohlelo lokusebenza, i-motor ehambisanayo yamagnethi engunaphakade iyindlela eyinhloko yezimoto ezintsha zamandla.

Izindleko zezinto ezisebenza ngomazibuthe ezihlala njalo zibiza cishe u-30% wezindleko zamamotho asebenza ngomazibuthe ezihlala njalo. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza amamotho asebenza ngomazibuthe ezihlala njalo zifaka phakathi i-neodymium iron boron, amashidi ensimbi e-silicon, ithusi kanye ne-aluminium. Phakathi kwazo, i-neodymium iron boron yezinto ezisebenza ngomazibuthe ezihlala njalo isetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza omazibuthe abasebenza ngomazibuthe be-rotor, kanti izindleko zokwakheka zingama-30%; amashidi ensimbi e-silicon asetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza ngokwezifiso. Izindleko zokwakheka kwe-rotor core zingama-20%; izindleko zokwakheka kwe-stator winding zingama-15%; izindleko zokwakheka kwe-motor shaft zingama-5%; kanti izindleko zokwakheka kwegobolondo lemoto zingama-15%.

KunganiI-OSG permanent magnet motors screw air compressorisebenza kahle kakhudlwana?

Injini ehambisanayo yemagnethi ehlala njalo yakhiwe kakhulu yizingxenye ze-stator, i-rotor kanye negobolondo. Njengama-motor avamile e-AC, i-stator core inesakhiwo esinama-laminated sokunciphisa ukulahleka kwensimbi ngenxa yemiphumela yamanje ye-eddy kanye ne-hysteresis lapho imoto isebenza; ama-windings nawo avame ukuba yizakhiwo ezilinganayo zezigaba ezintathu, kodwa ukukhethwa kwamapharamitha kuhlukile kakhulu. Ingxenye ye-rotor inezinhlobo ezahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-rotor yemagnethi ehlala njalo enekheji le-squirrel yokuqala, kanye ne-rotor yemagnethi ehlala njalo ehlanganisiwe noma efakwe ebusweni. I-rotor core ingenziwa ibe yisakhiwo esiqinile noma esinama-laminated. I-rotor ifakwe izinto zemagnethi ezihlala njalo, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imagnethi.

Ngaphansi kokusebenza okuvamile kwenjini yamagnetic ehlala njalo, amasimu kamagnetic e-rotor kanye ne-stator asesimweni sokuvumelanisa. Akukho current ebangelwa engxenyeni ye-rotor, futhi akukho kulahleka kwe-rotor copper, i-hysteresis, noma ukulahleka kwamanje kwe-eddy. Asikho isidingo sokucabangela inkinga yokulahleka kwe-rotor kanye nokushisa. Ngokuvamile, imoto yamagnet ehlala njalo inikwa amandla yi-converter ekhethekile yemvamisa futhi ngokwemvelo inomsebenzi wokuqala othambile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imoto yamagnet ehlala njalo iyimoto evumelanayo, enesici sokulungisa i-power factor ngokusebenzisa amandla okuvuselela, ngakho-ke i-power factor ingaklanywa ibe nenani elithile.

Kusukela ekuqaleni, ngenxa yokuthi i-permanent magnet motor iqalwa ngamandla aguquguqukayo noma i-inverter esekelayo, inqubo yokuqala ye-permanent magnet motor ilula kakhulu; ifana nokuqala kwe-variable frequency motor, futhi igwema amaphutha okuqala kwama-cage avamile angenazo izinsimbi.

Ngamafuphi, ukusebenza kahle kanye nesici samandla sama-magnet motors ahlala njalo kungafinyelela phezulu kakhulu, isakhiwo silula kakhulu, futhi imakethe ibishisa kakhulu eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.

Kodwa-ke, ukulahlekelwa ukwehluleka kokuvuselela kuyinkinga engenakugwenywa kuma-magnet motor ahlala njalo. Uma ugesi ukhulu kakhulu noma izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, izinga lokushisa lama-motor windings lizokhuphuka ngokushesha, ugesi uzokhula kakhulu, kanti oma-magnets ahlala njalo azolahlekelwa ukuvuselela ngokushesha. Ekulawuleni ugesi we-magnet motor ohlala njalo, kuhlelwe idivayisi yokuvikela ugesi ongaphezu kwamandla ukuze kugwenywe inkinga yokushiswa kogesi we-motor stator, kodwa ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukuvuselela kanye nokuvalwa kwemishini akunakugwenywa.